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A Cross-sectional Morphometric Study of Thyroid Glands in Cadavers |
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Shrish Patil, D Anupapama, Madhumati V Nidoni, Sidramappaappa Gouda 1. Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Basaveshwara Medical College and Hospital, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India. 2. Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur, Karnataka, India. 3. Reader, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, SJM Dental College & Hospital, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India. 4. Assistant Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine, Navodaya Medical College Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India. |
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Correspondence Address : Dr. Shrish Patil, Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Basaveshwara Medical College & Hospital, Chitradurga-577502, Karnataka, India. E-mail: patilssp_2003@yahoo.co.in |
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| ABSTRACT |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
: Morphometry of body and neural arch of lumbar vertebrae is very crucial in manufacturing screws, interspinous implants as well as preoperative planning of surgeries involving dorsolumbar spine. Aim: To determine various dimensions of typical and atypical lumbar vertebrae. Materials and Methods: A descriptive osteological study was carried out which included 66 intact adult dry human lumbar vertebrae (53 typical and 13 atypical) which were free of any deformity or pathological features. All the 53 typical vertebrae were randomly obtained. The following parameters were measured with slide callipers- superior transverse diameter and superior antero-posterior diameters of vertebral foramen; transverse diameter, antero-posterior diameter and anterior height of vertebral body; width, height of pedicles; interpedicular distance; maximum thickness of lamina; length of transverse process; maximum length, maximum height and maximum central thickness of spinous process. The data was tabulated and analysed using Microsoft Excel software. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for each parameter. Unpaired t-test was applied and p-value was derived for parameters like width and height of pedicles, thickness of lamina and length of transverse process. The p-value<0.05 were considered as significant. Results: The vertebral foramen (superior transverse diameter- 20.41±2.54 mm, superior antero-posterior diameter- 13.3±2.04 mm); vertebral body (transverse diameter- 44.43±5.91 mm, antero-posterior diameter- 30.17±3.19 mm, anterior height- 24.01±1.84 mm); pedicle (width- 10.85±3.94 mm on left side and 11.04±4.01 mm on right side, height- 13.84±4.01 mm on left side and 13.8±1.93 mm on right side, interpedicular distance- 29.17±5.06 mm); lamina (thickness- 6.6±1.36 mm on left side and 6.85±1.34 mm on right side); transverse process (length- 20.94±4.01 mm on left side and 21.51±4.5 mm on right side); spinous process (maximum length- 26.01±3.73 mm, maximum height- 19.92±4.03 mm, maximum central thickness- 6.42±1.41 mm). The mean transverse diameter and antero-posterior diameter of vertebral foramen of atypical lumbar vertebrae were higher than those of the typical lumbar vertebrae and these differences were significant (p-value of 0.0001 for transverse diameter and p-value of 0.005 for antero-posterior diameter). Conclusion: Most of the parameters of atypical lumbar vertebrae were found to be more compared to those of typical lumbar vertebrae. This inference should be kept in mind during fixation of lumbar inter-spinous implants, designing of pedicular screws and spinal grafting. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Keywords : Levator glandulae thyroideae, Morphology, Organ size, Pyramidal lobe | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| INTRODUCTION |
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Thyroid gland is an endocrine gland located on the front of the neck. Evolutionarily, it is similar to the endostyle of the tunicates and amphioxus (1), which was meant for concentration and storage of scarce iodine in the fresh water environments (2). Morphological variations and anomalies of the thyroid gland are very common. Marshall, in the year 1895, goes to the extent of calling absurd the term ‘normal’ thyroid gland (3). More importantly, these variations may not affect the health of an individual nor cause any symptoms per se and hence go undiscovered and unreported. Thyroid gland surgeries are performed routinely for the several disorders afflicting it. A thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the thyroid gland and its variations is essential for surgeons to reduce the incidence of wrong interpretation of radiographic and ultrasonographic investigations. Dimensions of the gland may be correlated with anthropometric measurements and are dependent on Keywords: Levator glandulae thyroideae, Morphology, Organ size, Pyramidal lobe the race and sex of the individuals. The purpose of this study was to conduct measurements of the thyroid glands in cadavers with emphasis on the Pyramidal Lobe (PL), Tubercle of Zuckerkandl (TZ) and Levator Glandulae Thyroideae (LGT) in the population under study. This study contributes to the existing morphometric data and will help in better understanding of the thyroid gland. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| TABLES AND FIGURES |
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Original article / research
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