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Sigmoid Oesophagus as an Unusual Cause for Cough in a 40-Year-Old Man: Interesting Radiology |
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Vishnukanth Govindaraj, Madhusmita Mohanty Mohapatra, Balla Nagamallikumar,
Jineesh Joseph, Abhisekh Singh Chauhan
1. Assistant Professor, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India. 2. Assistant Professor, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India. 3. Senior Resident, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India. 4. Senior Resident, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India. 5. Junior Resident, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India. |
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Correspondence Address : Dr. Vishnukanth Govindaraj, 3, Rajaya Street, R.K.Nagar, Ariyankuppam, Puducherry-605007, India. E-mail: vishnu1429@gmail.com |
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| ABSTRACT |  | ||||||||||||
: Morphometry of body and neural arch of lumbar vertebrae is very crucial in manufacturing screws, interspinous implants as well as preoperative planning of surgeries involving dorsolumbar spine. Aim: To determine various dimensions of typical and atypical lumbar vertebrae. Materials and Methods: A descriptive osteological study was carried out which included 66 intact adult dry human lumbar vertebrae (53 typical and 13 atypical) which were free of any deformity or pathological features. All the 53 typical vertebrae were randomly obtained. The following parameters were measured with slide callipers- superior transverse diameter and superior antero-posterior diameters of vertebral foramen; transverse diameter, antero-posterior diameter and anterior height of vertebral body; width, height of pedicles; interpedicular distance; maximum thickness of lamina; length of transverse process; maximum length, maximum height and maximum central thickness of spinous process. The data was tabulated and analysed using Microsoft Excel software. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for each parameter. Unpaired t-test was applied and p-value was derived for parameters like width and height of pedicles, thickness of lamina and length of transverse process. The p-value<0.05 were considered as significant. Results: The vertebral foramen (superior transverse diameter- 20.41±2.54 mm, superior antero-posterior diameter- 13.3±2.04 mm); vertebral body (transverse diameter- 44.43±5.91 mm, antero-posterior diameter- 30.17±3.19 mm, anterior height- 24.01±1.84 mm); pedicle (width- 10.85±3.94 mm on left side and 11.04±4.01 mm on right side, height- 13.84±4.01 mm on left side and 13.8±1.93 mm on right side, interpedicular distance- 29.17±5.06 mm); lamina (thickness- 6.6±1.36 mm on left side and 6.85±1.34 mm on right side); transverse process (length- 20.94±4.01 mm on left side and 21.51±4.5 mm on right side); spinous process (maximum length- 26.01±3.73 mm, maximum height- 19.92±4.03 mm, maximum central thickness- 6.42±1.41 mm). The mean transverse diameter and antero-posterior diameter of vertebral foramen of atypical lumbar vertebrae were higher than those of the typical lumbar vertebrae and these differences were significant (p-value of 0.0001 for transverse diameter and p-value of 0.005 for antero-posterior diameter). Conclusion: Most of the parameters of atypical lumbar vertebrae were found to be more compared to those of typical lumbar vertebrae. This inference should be kept in mind during fixation of lumbar inter-spinous implants, designing of pedicular screws and spinal grafting. | |||||||||||||
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| Keywords : Achalasia cardia, Axis deviation, Oesophagectomygastric | |||||||||||||
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| INTRODUCTION |
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A 40-year-old agricultural labourer was referred to Pulmonary Medicine Department with complaints of cough with minimal expectoration and right sided chest pain for past two months. He also had symptoms of recurrent belching and heartburn. No relevant history of trauma, smoking, alcohol consumption or tuberculosis was reported by the patient. On physical examination, he was stable and his vital parameters were normal. Respiratory examination revealed few crepitations in the right interscapular region. Chest X-ray showed a homogenous opacity in the right mid zone and lower zone with no air bronchogram (Table/Fig 1). A possibility of right lower lobe collapse was considered and a Computed Tomography (CT) of the chest was planned. CT image revealed normal airways and lung parenchyma. However, the oesophagus was grossly dilated and a portion of it was seen to lie on the right side of chest (Table/Fig 2),(Table/Fig 3). There was no diaphragmatic defect. Based on the CT image, a possibility of sigmoid oesophagus was considered and patient was referred to Surgical Gastroenterology Department. The final diagnosis was achalasia cardia-sigmoid oesophagus. After obtaining consent, he underwent a thoraco-laparoscopic oesophagectomy with gastric pull up and cervical oesophago gastric anastomosis. He was symptomatically better till the last contact. Achalasia cardia is a rare degenerative motility disorder of the oesophagus due to failure of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) to relax in response to food bolus with aperistalsis of the body of the oesophagus leading to dysphagia and progressive dilatation of the oesophagus. Sigmoid oesophagus represents end stage of achalasia cardia. The dilated oesophagus undergoes axis deviation resulting in a dilated and tortuous appearance (1). The incidence of achalasia is about 0.5-1.2/100,000 per year and a prevalence of 8-10 per 100,000. Though, common in advancing age, it can occur in any age and in both sex (2). Achalasia can be primary (idiopathic) or secondary. Primary achalasia has been associated with viral infections like measles, varicella and herpes simplex infections. A genetic predisposition and immunological causes are also suspected in the pathogenesis. Secondary achalasia also known as pseudoachalasia occurs in Chagas disease, autoimmune condition like scleroderma, previous oesophageal or vagal surgeries and gastric malignancy (2),(3). The pathology of achalasia is at the LES. In the initial stages there is degeneration of inhibitory neurotransmitters like nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal peptide with unopposed action of excitatory neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and substance P at the level of LES. This imbalance leads to high amplitude non-peristaltic contractions. This initial phase is known as vigorous achalasia. With further progression, there is dilation and low amplitude simultaneous contraction in the body of the oesophagus. This phase is known as the classical achalasia. In the end stage achalasia, the oesophagus is grossly dilated with axis deviation leading to a dilated and tortous appearance known as sigmoid oesophagus (4). Patients usually complain of dysphagia for both liquid and solid diet. Regurgitation of undigested food also occurs and may be mistaken for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Regurgitation may occur even after hours after food intake particularly when patient assumes a recumbent position (5). Confirmatory diagnosis is by manometric, endoscopic and radiographic investigations. Oesophageal manometry is widely considered as the gold standard in the diagnosis of achalasia. On manometry, there is aperistalsis and failure of relaxation of the LES (it should be mentioned as aperistalsis instead of a peristalsis (5). Endoscopy is advised to rule out malignancy. Barium swallow may reveal the pathognomonic “bird’s beak” appearance of the distal oesophagus with dilatation of the oesophagus proximally. A normal barium swallow however does not completely rule out achalasia. Radiographically, sigmoid oesophagus is seen as dilatation of the distal oesophagus of more than 10 cm with axis deviation. Sigmoid oesophagus can also be seen on CT as dilated tortuous oesophagus with single lumen (sigmoid Type 1) or with two lumen (sigmoid Type 2) (5). Achalasia is a chronic condition without a significant cure. Current treatment modalities are directed at reducing the hypertonicity of the LES by pharmacologic, endoscopic, or surgical means. However, no treatment significantly affects oesophageal peristalsis, and hypertonicity of LES recurs needing repeated interventions. The mainstay of treatment for achalasia is either pneumatic balloon dilatation or laparoscopic myotomy. A newer endoscopic oesophagomyotomy technique, peroral endoscopic myotomy has been suggested. For patients not fit or deny invasive procedures alternative treatment options include long acting nitrates and calcium channel blockers. These drugs are given sublingually due to delayed oesophageal emptying in achalasia. Botulinium injection into the LES is also performed. Oesophagectomy is advised for patients with recurrence despite pneumatic dilation and myotomy (3),(4),(5). Conditions like achalasia cardia have to be considered in patients with recurrent cough and regurgitation. A clinic radiological disagreement should raise suspicious of extra pulmonary cause and should be evaluated thoroughly. | |||||||||||||
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| TABLES AND FIGURES |
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Images in Medicine
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