Home
About Us
Issues
Authors
Reviewers
Users
Subscription
Our Other Journals
Site map
Aims and Scope
Salient Features
Editorial Board
Editorial Statements
Editorial-PeerReview Process
Publication Ethics & Malpractice
Journal Policy
Contact Us
Current Issue
Online Ahead of Print
Forthcoming
Article Archive
Access Statistics
Simple Search
Advanced Search
Submit an Article
Instructions
Assistance
Publication Fee
Paid Services
Apply As Reviewer
Acknowledgment
Register Here Edit Register
Register For Article Submission
Login Here Logout
Login For Article Submission
Annual
Buy One Issue
Payment Options
How to Order
JCDR
IJNMR
NJLM

 

Welcome : Guest

Users Online :

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Original article / research

Year :2013 Month : April Volume : 2 Issue : 1 Page : 5 - 8

Variations of Fissures and Lobes In Human Lungs-A Multicentric Cadaveric Study from West Bengal, India


Enakshi Ghosh, Rituparna Basu, Anjana Dhur, Anindya Roy, Hironmoy Roy, Amitava Biswas
1. Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan, India. 2. Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Bankura, West Bengal, India. 3. Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Murshidabad Medical College, Murshidabad, India. 4. Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology, R.G. Kar Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.5. Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, North Bengal Medical College, Darjeeling, India. 6. Consultant, Department of Neurosciences, Park Clinic, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
 
Correspondence Address :
Enakshi Ghosh, Rituparna Basu, Anjana Dhur, Anindya Roy, Hironmoy Roy, Amitava Biswas,
Dr. Enakshi Ghosh, 1-B, Surji Dutta Lane, P.O. Beadon Street, Kolkata-700006, West Bengal, India. Phone: +91 8902494142 E-mail: drenakshighosh@gmail.com
 
ABSTRACT

: Morphometry of body and neural arch of lumbar vertebrae is very crucial in manufacturing screws, interspinous implants as well as preoperative planning of surgeries involving dorsolumbar spine.

Aim: To determine various dimensions of typical and atypical lumbar vertebrae.

Materials and Methods: A descriptive osteological study was carried out which included 66 intact adult dry human lumbar vertebrae (53 typical and 13 atypical) which were free of any deformity or pathological features. All the 53 typical vertebrae were randomly obtained. The following parameters were measured with slide callipers- superior transverse diameter and superior antero-posterior diameters of vertebral foramen; transverse diameter, antero-posterior diameter and anterior height of vertebral body; width, height of pedicles; interpedicular distance; maximum thickness of lamina; length of transverse process; maximum length, maximum height and maximum central thickness of spinous process. The data was tabulated and analysed using Microsoft Excel software. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for each parameter. Unpaired t-test was applied and p-value was derived for parameters like width and height of pedicles, thickness of lamina and length of transverse process. The p-value<0.05 were considered as significant.

Results: The vertebral foramen (superior transverse diameter- 20.41±2.54 mm, superior antero-posterior diameter- 13.3±2.04 mm); vertebral body (transverse diameter- 44.43±5.91 mm, antero-posterior diameter- 30.17±3.19 mm, anterior height- 24.01±1.84 mm); pedicle (width- 10.85±3.94 mm on left side and 11.04±4.01 mm on right side, height- 13.84±4.01 mm on left side and 13.8±1.93 mm on right side, interpedicular distance- 29.17±5.06 mm); lamina (thickness- 6.6±1.36 mm on left side and 6.85±1.34 mm on right side); transverse process (length- 20.94±4.01 mm on left side and 21.51±4.5 mm on right side); spinous process (maximum length- 26.01±3.73 mm, maximum height- 19.92±4.03 mm, maximum central thickness- 6.42±1.41 mm). The mean transverse diameter and antero-posterior diameter of vertebral foramen of atypical lumbar vertebrae were higher than those of the typical lumbar vertebrae and these differences were significant (p-value of 0.0001 for transverse diameter and p-value of 0.005 for antero-posterior diameter).

Conclusion: Most of the parameters of atypical lumbar vertebrae were found to be more compared to those of typical lumbar vertebrae. This inference should be kept in mind during fixation of lumbar inter-spinous implants, designing of pedicular screws and spinal grafting.
Keywords : Lungs, Fissures, Lobes, Variations
 
INTRODUCTION

The lungs are the essential organs of respiration which are situated within the thoracic cavity on either side of the heart & other mediastinal contents. Each lung is approximately half conical in shape & presents an apex, base, three borders & two surfaces. In addition, the right lung is divided into superior, middle & inferior lobes by an oblique fissure (1). The oblique fissure cuts the vertebral border of both lungs at the level of 4th or 5th thoracic spine. Traced downwards on the medial surface it ends above the hilum; traced downwards on the costal surface, it will be found to continue across the diaphragmatic surface & turns upwards on to the medial surface to end just below the lower end of the hilum. Horizontal fissure, seen only in the right lung begins laterally at the oblique fissure & runs almost transversely across the costal surface to the anterior margin & around the margin back to the hilum (2). The fissures facilitate the movement of the lobes in relation to one another, which accommodates the greater distension & movement of the lower lobes during respiration. Thus, they help in a more uniform expansion of the whole lung (2). Other than the normal anatomy, different variations in the fissural patterns are observed in the form of incomplete fissures where there is fusion of lung parenchyma between the lobes & absent fissures or accessory fissures of varying depth, delimiting anomalous lobes corresponding to normal bronchopulmonary segments (3). Since these fissures delimit the lobes & thus are needed for locating bronchopulmonary segments, knowledge of their position is necessary both anatomically as well as clinically for planning lobectomies & surgical resections & also in the interpretation of radiological images. Hence, this case series was carried out to gain further insight into the fissural pattern of human lungs. Objective To find out the anomalous fissures and lobes along with their patterns, in human lungs; collected from cadavers, in different medical colleges of West Bengal, India.
 
REFERENCES
1.
Standring S, Johnson D, Ellis H, Lees V, editors-Grey’s Anatomy;40th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier-Churchill Livingstone. 2005: p.292-94.
2.
Risse C,Gaddum. Rosse P. Hollinshed’s Text book of Anatomy. Philadelphia: Lipincot-Raven.1997: p.441-61.
3.
Meenakshi S, Manjunath K, Balasubramnayam V. Morphological variations of lung fissures and lobes. The Indian journal of chest diseases and allied sciences. 2004; 46: p.179-82.
4.
Larsen WJ, Sherman LS, Potter SS, Scott WJ. Development of respiratory system (ch-11) Human Embryology. 3rd Edn. 2001. Elsevier. New York; 125-7.
5.
Sadler TW (ed).Respiratory system (Ch-13). In, Langman’s Medical Embryology, Philadelphia. 11th edn. Lippincot Williams & Wilkins. 2010: 205-6.
6.
Cronin P, Gross BH, Kelly AM, Patel S, Kazerooni EA, Carlos RC. Normal and accessory fissures of the lung-evaluation with contiguous volumetric thin section multi detector CT. European journal of Radiology. 2010; 75(2):8.
7.
Bergman RA, Afifi AK, Miyauchi R. Variations in peripheral segmentation of right lung and the base of right and left lungs.Illustrated Encyclopedia of human anatomic variation. http/www. vh.org/adult/provider/anatomy/anatomic variants/organ system/ text/lungs trachea. html. accessed on 17th april 2002.
8.
Medlar EM. Variations in interlobar fissures. American journal of Radiology. 1947;57: .723-5.
9.
Godwin JD, Tarver RD. Accessory fissures of the lung. American journal of Radiology. 1985;144: p.39-47.
10.
Ariyurek OM, Gulsun M, Demirkazik FB.Accessory fissures of the lung-evaluation by high resolution computed tomography. 1: European journal of Radiology. 2001;11(12): p.2449-53.
11.
Tarver RD. How common are incomplete pulmonary fissures and what is their clinical significance. American journal of Radiology. 1995;164: 76-81.
12.
Frija J, Naajib J, David M, Hacein B, Laval JM. Incomplete and accessory pulmonary fissures studied by high resolution x-ray computed tomography. Journal of Radiology. 1988 Mar; 69(3): 163-70.
 
TABLES AND FIGURES
[Table / Fig - 1]   [Table / Fig - 2]   [Table / Fig - 3]   [Table / Fig - 4]   [Table / Fig - 5]   [Table / Fig - 6]   [Table / Fig - 7]   [Table / Fig - 8]   [Table / Fig - 9]
 
 
 

In This Article

  • Abstract
  • Material and Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Conclusion
  • References

Article Utilities

  • Readers Comments
  • Article in PDF
  • Citation Manager
  • How to Cite
  • Article Statistics
  • Link to PUBMED
  • Print this Article
  • Send to a Friend

Quick Links

REVIEWER
ACCESS STATISTICS
Home  |  About Us  |  Online First  |  Current Issue  |  Simple Search  |  Advance Search  |  Register  |  Login  |  Contact  |  Privacy Policy  |  Terms of Use
Author Support  |  Submit Manuscript  |  IJARS Pre-Publishing  |  Reviewer  |  Articles Archive  |  Access Statistics
©INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANATOMY RADIOLOGY & SURGERY (IJARS), ISSN : 2277-8543.
EDITORIAL OFFICE : 1/9, Roop Nagar, Delhi 11000. Phone : 01123848553

* This Journal is owned and run by medical professionals *