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A Morphological and Morphometric Study of Glenoid Fossa of Scapula and its Implication in Shoulder Arthroplasty |
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Archana Singh, Arun Singh, Preeti Agarwal, Rakesh Gupta 1. Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Rohilkhand Medical Collage and Hospital, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. 2. Professor and Head, Department of Community Medicine, Rohilkhand Medical Collage and Hospital, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. 3. Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Varun Arjun Medical Collage and Rohilkhand Hospital, Banthra, Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. 4. Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy, Rohilkhand Medical Collage and Hospital, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. |
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Correspondence Address : Dr. Arun Singh, Rohilkhand Medical College Campus, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. E-mail: arunspm@gmail.com |
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| ABSTRACT |  | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
: Introduction: Glenoid fossa of scapula articulates with the head of humerus and forms gleno-humeral joint (shoulder Joint). So, the knowledge of various shapes and size of glenoid fossa is useful to clinician for better understanding of various diseases associated with the joint and also helpful to orthropaedician to choose the right prosthesis for shoulder replacement surgeries. Aim: To observe the shape and to measure the various diameters of glenoid fossa in adult dry human scapulae. Materials and Methods: Total of 100 dry adult human scapulae of unknown sex and age were obtained from the museum of anatomy and forensic medicine and were included in present study. Out of total 100 scapulae, 56 were of right side and 44 were of left side. Various shapes of glenoid fossa were observed on the basis of presence or absence of notch. Morphometric parameters such as Superio-Inferior Diameter (SI), Anterio-Posterior Diameter-1 (AP-1) and Anterio-Posterior Diameter-2 (AP-2) were measured by digital Vernier caliper. All the parameters were tabulated and analysed statistically. Results: In the present study most common shape of glenoid fossa was Pear shape that is 44% (42.9% on right, 45.5% on left), followed by oval shape in 34% (35.7% on right, 31.8% on left side) and inverted comma shape in 22% scapulae (21.4% on right side, 22.7% on left side). The mean measured values in total scapulae were; SI diameter was 34.24±3.27 mm, AP-1 diameter was 23.93±2.67 mm, AP-2 diameter was 12.96±1.84 mm and glenoid cavity index was 70.12±7.13 mm. Conclusion: Morphological and Morphometric analysis of glenod fossa of scapula help clinicians and orthropaedicians in shoulder arthroplasty and its associated shoulder diseases. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Keywords : Glenoid cavity index, Gleno-humeral joint, Glenoid cavity, Humerus, Shoulder joint | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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DOI and Others :
DOI: 10.7860/IJARS/2019/41437:2487
Date of Submission: Mar 06, 2019 Date of Peer Review: Mar 11, 2019 Date of Acceptance: Apr 01, 2019 Date of Publishing: Jul 01, 2019 FINANCIAL OR OTHER COMPETING INTERESTS: None. |
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| INTRODUCTION |
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The scapulae or shoulder blade is paired bone of shoulder girdle. It is situated posterior-lateral over the chest wall and extends from second rib to seventh rib. It has three angles; medial, lateral and superior, three borders; medial, lateral and superior and two surfaces; anterior or costal and posterior or dorsal. Scapula possess three process; acromion, coracoid and spinous. Lateral angle of scapula is truncated and possess the cavity known as glenoid fossa. It directed forward, laterally and slightly upward (1). Various shapes of glenoid fossa like oval, pear and inverted comma were reported on the basis of presence or absence of notch at the anterior margin of glenoid fossa. Notch is absent in oval shape, indistinct in pear shape and distinct in inverted comma shape of glenoid cavity (2),(3). Glenoid fossa is related to supra-glenoid tubercle at the upper margin of fossa and an infra-glenoid tubercle at the lower margin at the superior end of lateral border of scapula. Supra-glenoid tubercle lies inside the joint capsule of shoulder joint whereas infra-glenoid tubercle outside the capsule. Glenoid fossa articulates with the head of humerus and forms the gleno-humeral joint. The articular surface of glenoid fossa is concave and much smaller than the articular surface of head of humerus which is reciprocally convex. Both the articular surfaces are covered with articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage). The concavity of glenoid fossa is deepened by the glenoid labrum, attached to the margin of fossa which is fibrocartilaginous rim. Inspite of this both the articulating surfaces are not well congruent in many joint movement positions so, the joint is loosely packed. It is probably closely packed in abduction and lateral rotation of the joint (1). Rotator cuff diseases and tear are found to be associated with the degree of inclination of the glenoid fossa (4). It is important to know the morphological and morphometric variation of glenoid fossa to understand and diagnose the dislocations of joint and diseases of rotator cuff (5). The knowledge of variation in shape and morphometric dimensions of glenoid fossa may help the clinician or orthropaedician to deal with various medical and surgical problems associated with the shoulder joint like; osteoarthritis, joint instability and osseous Bankart’s lesion. It may also help to choose the appropriate size of prosthesis in shoulder arthroplasty and reduces the morbidity associated with this. In northern region of India, the studies are scarce (5); hence the present study was conducted to observe the shape of glenoid fossa and to measure the various diameters of glenoid fossa in adult dry human scapula. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Material and Methods |
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This cross sectional study was done on total of 100 dry adult human scapulae obtained from the museum of Department of Anatomy and Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. Out of which 56 were of right side and 44 were of left side. Damaged and deformed scapulae were excluded from the study. Shapes of glenoid fossa were classified into three groups as previously described by Schrmpf M et al., on the basis of presence or absence of notch on the anterior margin of fossa (6). These are: Oval shape- absence of notch, Pear shape- presence of indistinct notch and Inverted comma shape- presence of distinct notch. Slightly raised margin around the glenoid fossa was used to define the border of fossa. All morphometric parameters were measured by using digital Vernier caliper in millimeter with accuracy of 0.01mm. Different measured parameters of glenoid fossa were measured as by Akhtar MJ et al., (Table/Fig 1) (7). Superio-Inferior diameter of glenoid fossa (SI)-was measured as maximum distance from most prominent point of supra-glenoid tubercle to inferior point on glenoid margin (7). Anterio-Posterior diameter-1 of glenoid fossa (AP-1)-was measured as maximum breadth of margin of glenoid cavity, perpendicular to glenoid cavity height (7). Anterio-Posterior diameter-2 of glenoid fossa (AP-2) – was measured as maximum breadth of upper half of glenoid cavity (7). Glenoid Cavity Index (GCI)-calculated by (Anterio-posterior diameter-1÷ Superio-inferior diameter) × 100 (7). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS To reduce the inter-observer error each measurement were taken by one researcher at three different times. All the data were tabulated and analysed by using SPSS version 22.0. Mean, minimum and maximum values of all parameters were derived with Standard deviation. The values of right and left side were analysed and compare by using unpaired t-test. The p-value =0.05 was taken as statistically significant. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Results |
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In present study, total 100 scapular glenoid cavities were studied, out of which 56 were of right side and 44 were of left side. On the basis of presence or absence of the glenoid notch, three shapes were observed. Most common shape of glenoid cavity in present study was pear shape that is 44% (42.9% on right side and 45.5% on left side) followed by oval shape in 34% (35.7% on right side and 31.8% on left side) and Inverted comma shape in 22% (21.4% on right and 22.7% on left side) (Table/Fig 2),(Table/Fig 3). Mean values of measured parameters were, SI diameter 34.24±3.27 mm, AP-1 diameter 23.93±2.67 mm, AP-2 diameter 12.96±1.84 mm and glenoid cavity index 70.12%±7.13 in total scapulae (Table/Fig 4). Morphometric measurements of right, left side and total are shown in (Table/Fig 4),(Table/Fig 5). The difference between the values of right and left side were statistically non-significant (p>0.05), except for AP glenoid diameter-2 (p<0.05). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Discussion |
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In the present study the common shape of glenoid cavity observed was Pear shape followed by oval and inverted comma shape on both the side. Many other authors reported Pear shaped glenoid cavity as a common shape. Rajput HB et al., Akhtar MJ et al., Mamatha T et al., and D Santoshkumar A et al., observed Pear shaped glenoid cavity as a common shape followed by inverted comma and oval shape in Indian scapulae [5,7-9], while Prescher A et al., (2) in German scapulae, Sinha P et al., and present study in Indian scapulae reported pear shape as common shape followed oval shape [2,10]. In Egyptian scapulae Nasr El Din WA et al., (11) and in Turkish scapulae Coskun N et al., reported oval shape of glenoid cavity as a common shape followed by pear shape while Gamal Hamed ESM et al., reported pear shape as a common followed by inverted comma and oval shape in Egyptian scapulae (Table/Fig 6),(Table/Fig 7) (11),(12),(14). The mean SI diameter of glenoid cavity of scapula in present study was 34.84±3.46 mm in total scapula, 34.84mm±3.46 on right side and on left side it was 33.48±2.88 mm. The values of SI diameter measured by Rajput HB et al., Mamatha T et al., and Sinha P et al., were almost similar with the present study (5),(8),(10), while Akhtar MJ et al., D Santoshkumar A et al., and Mahto AK et al., and reported higher values 36.03 mm, 37.03 mm, & 36.2 mm respectively in comparison to present study in which it was 34.84 mm (7),(9),(14). Values of SI glenoid diameter of left side were reported higher then right side in the study of Mamatha T et al., and Sinha P et al., [8,10]. Churchil RS et al., in United states of America, Nasr El-Din WA et al., in Egyptian scapulae Coskun N et al., in Turkish scapulae, and Aigbougn EO et al., in Nigerian scapula reported higher values of SI diameter in comparison to present study (3),(11),(12),(15), while Gamal Hameed ESM et al., in Egyptian scapulae reported smaller values of SI diameter than the present study (Table/Fig 8),(Table/Fig 9) (14). In present study, the measured mean values of anterio-posterior-1 diameter of glenoid cavity were as 23.93±2.67 mm in total, 24.25±2.55 mm on the right and 25.52±2.78 mm on the left side. Values of AP-1 glenoid diameter of left side were slightly higher than right side in present study but this difference is not statistically significant. Almost Similar values of AP-1 diameter of right side were reported by other Indian studies like Rajput HB et al., and Akhtar MJ et al., Mamatha T et al., Sinha P et al., Mahto AK et al., [5,7,8,10,14], while D Santoshkumar A et al., reported higher values (9). In Turkish scapulae the values of AP-1 diameter were almost similar with the present study (12), while Churchill RS et al., in United states of America, WA Naser El Din et al., in Egypt and Aigbogun EO et al., in Nigeria had reported higher values than present study (3),(11),(15) and the values reported by Gamal Hameed ESM et al., in Egyptian scapulae were smaller than present study (14). The values of left side AP-1 glenoid diameter of present study were higher in comparison to other studies (Table/Fig 8),(Table/Fig 9). Anterio-posterior-2 diameter reported by present study as mean on right side was 13.69±1.54 mm, on left side 12.01±1.77 mm and in total 12.96±1.84 mm. Values of right AP-2 glenoid diameter were slightly higher than left side and this difference was found statistically significant (p=0.05). The values of AP-2 diameter reported by present study were much less than the values reported by other Indian studies as well as by studies of other countries. This difference could be racial (Table/Fig 7). The mean values of Glenoid cavity index of present study were; on right side 69.87±1.54, on left side 70.44±7.59 and in total glenoid fossa 70.12±7.13. Values of GCI of present study were found to be higher than the other values reported by other Indian authors (Akhtar MJ et al., and D Santoshkumar A et al., [7,9]. While the values of GCI reported by and Gamal Hamed ESH et al., in Egyptian scapula Aigbogun EO et al., in Nigerian scapulae was higher than the present study (Table/Fig 8),(Table/Fig 9) (14),(15). The difference in morphometric values of glenoid fossa of present study with other Indian as well as of other countries could be racial. LIMITATION Although the sample size of present study was small but the morphological and morphometric values of glenoid fossa of present study may add some data. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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