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Morphological and Morphometric Study of Foramen Magnum in Dry Human Skull and Its Clinical Significance |
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Archana Singh, Preeti Agarwal, Arun Singh 1. Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. 2. Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Varun Arjun Medical College and Rohilkhand Hospital Banthra, Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. 3. Professor and Head, Department of Community Medicine, Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. |
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Correspondence Address : Archana Singh, Preeti Agarwal, Arun Singh, Dr. Preeti Agarwal, Department of Anatomy, Varun Arjun Medical College and Rohilkhand Hospital Banthra, Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. E-mail: Preetianat@gmail.com |
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| ABSTRACT |  | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
: Introduction: Foramen Magnum (FM) is present at the lower part of the occipital bone. It is a very important landmark for the anthropology, anatomy, forensic medicine, surgeons and other medical field for the skull base. Aim: To observe the shape of foramen magnum and to measure the various morphometric parameters. Materials and Methods: Morphological and morphometric study was done on 120 dry human skulls. Digital Vernier caliper was used for measurement. The shape of foramen magnum was noted and classified as oval, round, tetragonal, pentagonal, hexagonal and irregular in shape. Morphometric measurements like anterio-posterior diameter, transverse diameter were measured and Foramen magnum index was calculated. Statistical analysis was done and minimum, maximum mean and standard deviation was calculated. Results: The most common shape of FM was oval in 40 (33.3%) skulls; followed by tetragonal in 20 (16.6%) skulls and hexagonal in 20 (16.6%) skulls. Round shaped FM was present in 16 (13.3%) skulls, pentagonal FM in 16 (13.3%) and pear shaped FM was present in 8 (6.6%) skulls.The mean of Anteroposterior (AP) diameter was 33.79±2.60 mm; transverse diameter was 28.25±1.83 mm and foramen magnum index was 83.91±6.43. Conclusion: The Knowledge of size and shape of foramen magnum is helpful to neurosurgeons in cranio-vertebral surgical approaches as well as in posterior cranial fossa surgeries. Data of present study may be helpful to neurosurgeons, anthropologist or forensic persons. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Keywords : Anthropology, Foramen magnum index, Occipital bone, Posterior cranial fossa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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DOI and Others :
DOI: 10.7860/IJARS/2019/41319:2488
Date of Submission: Feb 20, 2019 Date of Peer Review: Mar 15, 2019 Date of Acceptance: Apr 20, 2019 Date of Publishing: Jul 01, 2019 FINANCIAL OR OTHER COMPETING INTERESTS: None. |
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| INTRODUCTION |
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The posterior part of the inferior surface of the skull is formed by the occipital bone. Prominent features of posterior part of inferior surface are the foramen magnum and associated occipital condyles, jugular foramen, mastoid notch and the squamous part of the occipital bone up to the external occipital protuberance and the superior nuchal lines, hypoglossal canals (anterior condylar canals) and condylar canals (posterior condylar canals) (1). The foramen magnum is situated in an anterio-median position in the occipital bone and communicates into the posterior cranial fossa. It is oval in shape which is wider from behind. It is greatest in its dimensions anteroposteriorly. Posterior part of foramen magnum known as neurovascular compartment which contains the lower end of the medulla oblongata, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, vertebral vessels and the accessory nerves; anterior part of it is known as osseo-ligamental compartment through which the cruciate ligament, apical ligament of the dens and the tectorial membrane pass and attach to the internal aspect of basi-occiput (1). Occipital condyles overhang the anterior margin of foramen magnum which articulates with the lateral masses of first cervical vertebrae and forms the Atlanto-occipital joint. Occipital condyles are oval shape and lie obliquely so, its anterior end lies nearer to the midline than its posterior end. Condyles are more convex antero-posteriorly than transversely. There is roughened impression on its medial aspect because of ligamentous attachments (1). Basilar process of the occipital bone forms the anterior border, right and left ex-occipitalis form the lateral margin and supraoccipital part of occipital bone form the posterior border of foramen magnum (2). Area around foramen magnum tends to withstand the physical insult because of thick cranial base and protected anatomical position (3). Vital structures which pass through the foramen magnum, may suffer compression in cases of foramen magnum brain herniation and achondroplasia of foramen magnum (4),(5),(6). Various neurosurgical approaches were described for skull base surgeries like anterior, anterolateral, lateral, posterolateraland trans condylar approaches (7),(8),(9). Variations in the shape of the foramen magnum have clinical as well as radiological significance. The knowledge of the dimensions and shape of the foramen Magnum has important clinical implications in the prognosis and treatment of various neurological pathologies like Arnold Chiari syndrome, and posterior cranial fossa lesions (10). Similarly, dimensions of the foramen magnum are important in various surgical approaches to posterior cranial fossa through foramen magnum. Thus, understanding of the variations in its normal anatomy is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment of same. Hence, the present study was done to determine and analyse the morphological types and diameters of the Foramen magnum in adult skull of Indian population so that the data can help in improving the efficacy and minimize the failure rates in surgical procedures in posterior cranial fossa particularly those involving the approaches through foramen magnum. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Material and Methods |
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This observational study was carried out on 120 undamaged dry adult human skulls of unknown age and gender, from May 2018 to October 2018. Specimens were collected from the Department of Anatomy and Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology of our medical college and no ethical clearance is required as per norms. Only fully ossified, dried, macerated and thoroughly cleaned skull were included in the study while the skulls which were damaged and those having any deformity or pathology like healed fractures were excluded. The shape of foramen magnum was noted and classified as oval, round, tetragonal, pentagonal, hexagonal and irregular in shape. The number and incidence of each type in the studied skull was registered and tabulated. Various morphometric measurements like anterio-posterior diameter and transverse diameter of foramen magnum were taken using the Digital Vernier sliding caliper which is accurate to 0.01 millimeter. The mean and standard deviation of the foramen magnum in various dimensions were calculated. Antero-posterior Diameter (APD): measured from the end of anterior border (basion) to the end of posterior border (opisthion) of foramen magnum (Table/Fig 1). Transverse Diameter (TD): measured from the point of maximum concavity on the right margin to the maximum concavity on left margin of foramen magnum (Table/Fig 1). Foramen Magnum Index (FMI): was calculated by dividing the transverse diameter by AP diameter and multiplied by hundred. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The data was analysed using SPSS version 22.0. Mean, maximum and minimum values along with standard deviation were derived. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Results |
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In the present study various shapes of foramen magnum were observed. The most common shape was oval in 40 (33.3%) skulls; followed by tetragonal shape in 20 (16.6%) skulls and hexagonal in 20 (16.6%) skulls. Round shaped FM was present in 16 (13.3%) skulls, pentagonal FM in 16 (13.3%) and pear shaped FM was present in 8 (6.6%) skulls (Table/Fig 2),(Table/Fig 3). The mean of anteroposterior (AP) diameter was 33.79±2.60 mm; transverse diameter 28.25±1.83 mm and foramen magnum index was 83.91±6.43 (Table/Fig 4). The mean AP diameter, transverse diameter and FM index values for each shape of Foramen Magnum is depicted in (Table/Fig 5). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Discussion |
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Evaluation of foramen magnum is important for neurosurgical approaches, forensic, radiological evaluations and for evolutionary studies. Regarding the shape of foramen magnum, oval shape was described as the most common in occurrence. In the present study also oval shape was most common shape of foramen magnum (33.3%). Many other studies also reported oval shaped foramen magnum (11),(12). However, Chethan P et al., found rounded FM, Aragão JA et al., reported pear shape and Sindel M et al., reported tetragonal shape as a common shape (Table/Fig 6) (14),(14),(15). In the present study sagittal (A-P diameter) diameter of Foramen magnum was 33.79±2.60 mm which were consistent with the findings of Sampada PK et al., Jasuja VR et al., while Gruber P et al., and Osunwoke EA et al., reported higher values than the present study (12),(16),(17),(18). In present study transverse diameter (width) of foramen magnum was 28.25±1.83 mm which were in accordance with the other studies by Sampada PK et al., Jasuja VR et al., Osunwoke EA et al., Tubbs RS et al., (12),(16),(18),(19), while Gruber P et al., reported slightly higher values (Table/Fig 7) (17). The average value of foramen magnum index obtained in present study was 83.91±6.43. Chaturvedi RP et al., and Howale DS et al., studied Indian skulls and reported the average value of foramen magnum index as 83.81 and 84.85±4.77 respectively, which was congruent with this study [20,21]. Many radiological morphometrical studies of FM were done. Bello SS et al., evaluated FM by CT scan and reported mean A-P diameter as 34.3±4.1 mm and mean transverse diameter 30.1±3.1 mm (22). Kanodia G et al., evaluated the dimensions of FM in dry skull as well as in living by CT scan, they reported AP diameter as 34.1±2.9 mm and transverse diameter as 27.5±2.5 mm in dry skull while there was no significant difference between the morphometric values of dry skull and CT scan group in transverse diameter and surface area but AP diameter of dry skull was larger than CT scan group (Table/Fig 8) (23). LIMITATION The sample size of the present study was small, study was done on dry human skull and no sexual differentiation was done. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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